初中英语语法知识考查要点(下辑)
4.介词
(1)表示时间:
at: 表示某一时间点
如: at noon
on: 表示特定的日子
如: on christmas
in: 表示一段不具体的时间
如: in the morning, in the second world war
如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on
如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on sunday morning
during: 表示期间内的某个时期
如: during the night, during the second world war
for: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词
如: for three days
through: 表示在整个期间没有间歇
例: it snowed through the night.
till/until: 表示动作持续的终点
例:i studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
by: 表示动作完成期限
例: i'll be back by five o'clock.
since: 表示某动作的起始点
例:i have studied english since 1990.
(2) 表示地点:
at: 表示较小的地点
如: arrived at the school gate
in: 表示较大的地点
如: arrived in shanghai
for: 表示目的地
例: i'll leave for shanghai.
above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是below
over: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under
例: the dog jumped over the table.
through: 表示穿过
如: through the forest
across: 表示平原上的跨越
例: i want to walk across the road.
5.动词
(1) 动词的时态:
① 一般现在时
一般现在时的主要用法有两点:其一表示一经常发生的动作,如: i always go to scho
ol at seven. 其二表示某一真理,事实,如: the earth moves around the sun.
② 现在完成时
现在完成时的主要用法有两点:其一表示某一动作发生于过去,并持续下来,到现在完成
。如: i have studied english for two years. 其二表示某动作发生于过去并已结束,但其影响到现在。如: i haven't had my lunch. i'm hungry now.
与现在完成时连用的词语有:yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。
其考查要点:
其一: have been表示曾经去过,如:i have been to america twice. 说此话的人应
已经回到国内。而he has gone to japan.则此人目前已到日本去了。
其二: 截止性动词可以有现在完成时,但不可与表示一段长度的词连用,如: the clas
s has begun. the class has been on for five minutes.
③ 一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作,过去的习惯或反复发生的动作。如: who broke the window? in those days, i studied hard at night every day. 与过去时连用的时间状语有: at that time, ago, in 1949,just now (刚才), last night, yesterday
④ 一般将来时
纯将来时的表示法: shall/will+动词原形
例: i'll leave for shanghai this evening.
表示按计划要做或可能做的事: be going to+动词原形
例: i'm going to help you tonight.
将来时的特殊表示法
a. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving
例: don't worry. i'm coming.
b. be about to+动词原形
例: he is about to leave, when the telephone rings.
c. 状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来
例: if it rains tomorrow i won't go to the party.
(2) 情态动词:
can: 能,会
例: he can do it very well.
may:许可,可能性
例: may i use your pen?
must:必要,禁止(多表示主观看法)
例: you mustn't play with fire.
haveto:不得不(多表示客观之事)
例: i have to go, because i have a meeting.
could与would:二者用于现在时表示语气的委婉
例: could you help me?
6.句型
(1) 宾语从句:
由疑问代词或副词引出的宾语从句
例: could you tell me where the post office is?
could you tell me what he said? (what作said的宾语)
由that引出的宾语从句
例: they said that they would give me some help. (that 仅作引导词)
宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。
例: he asked when we would leave home.
(2) 状语从句:
状语从句可包括:时间/地点/原因/结果/目的等状语从句。
例:i will come when i am free.
i'm late because my bike is broken.
he went so early that he got a good seat.
she studied hard so that she would pass the exam.
状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
例: if it rains tomorrow i shall not go to the cinema.
表示在一长动作进行过程中某一动作突然发生则长动作要用进行时态,而突发性 动作要用一般时态。
例: when i'm reading a book
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